- ecosystem rankings
- {"index": "Startup Genome GSER - Emerging Ecosystems Ranking", "tr_position": "Istanbul #3 among emerging ecosystems globally; $19.5B ecosystem value expansion reported in the June 2026 index", "year": 2026, "sources": ["https://startupgenome.com/report/the-global-startup-ecosystem-report-2026/emerging-ecosystems-ranking-2026-top-100"], "confidence": "medium"}
- exchange rate lcu per usd
- 32.8059
- exchange rate lcu per usd ts
- 2024-12-31|32.8059
- fdi net inflows usd
- 11698000000
- fdi net inflows usd ts
- 2024-12-31|11698000000
- gdp growth pct
- 3.3276
- gdp growth pct ts
- 2024-12-31|3.3276
- gdp per capita usd
- 15892.7157
- gdp per capita usd ts
- 2024-12-31|15892.7157
- gdp usd
- 1359123768774.12
- gdp usd ts
- 2024-12-31|1359123768774.12
- income group
- Upper middle income
- inflation pct
- 58.5065
- inflation pct ts
- 2024-12-31|58.5065
- internet users pct
- 89.7702
- internet users pct ts
- 2025-12-31|89.7702
- iso2
- TR
- iso3
- TUR
- major hubs
- {"city": "National", "note": "91 technoparks nationwide hosting 11,095 companies (2026). The Turkiye Tech Visa programme cites close to 101 technoparks.", "sources": ["https://girisimin.com/2026/04/28/turkiyedeki-teknokentler-rehberi"], "confidence": "medium"}
- mobile subs per 100
- 107.8269
- mobile subs per 100 ts
- 2024-12-31|107.8269
- notable exits
- {"name": "Yemeksepeti (SSW Partners carve-out)", "type": "pending_acquisition", "year": 2026, "note": "SSW Partners agreed to buy Delivery Hero operations across 14 markets including Yemeksepeti for about $1.6B in total, conditional on Uber's acquisition of Delivery Hero; completion expected in H2 2027.", "sources": ["https://www.dunya.com/sektorler/uber-delivery-hero-icin-kesenin-agzini-acti-yemeksepeti-ssw-partnersa-satilacak-haberi-832450"], "confidence": "medium"}
- notable unicorns
- {"name": "Loom Games", "note": "Istanbul studio founded 2025 behind hybrid-casual hit Pixel Flow!. Reached $1B+ valuation in February 2026 when Scopely bought a majority stake - Turkiye's fastest unicorn (under 60 days from its seed close) and its seventh gaming unicorn.", "sources": ["https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/news/news-from-turkey/pages/scopely-acquires-majority-stake-in-loom-games-at-usd-1-billion-valuation-marking-turkiyes-new-unicorn.aspx"], "confidence": "high"}
- population
- 85518661
- population growth pct
- 0.2256
- population growth pct ts
- 2024-12-31|0.2256
- population ts
- 2024-12-31|85518661
- region
- Middle East
- rnd expenditure pct gdp
- 1.4222
- rnd expenditure pct gdp ts
- 2023-12-31|1.4222
- startup regulation
- {"topic": "Company formation, corporate tax and capital-market rules", "summary": "General corporate income tax is 25% (30% for banks and other financial institutions). Limited (Ltd. Sti.) and joint-stock (A.S.) companies register through MERSIS; foreign ownership is unrestricted under Direct Foreign Investments Law No. 4875. Venture capital investment funds (GSYF) are authorised by the Capital Markets Board - 499 registered by H1 2025, 478 of them active. Equity crowdfunding is CMB-licensed: 28 platforms, 12 active as of H1 2025.", "sources": ["https://www.pwc.com.tr/kurumlar-vergisi-orani", "https://fintechistanbul.org/2025/07/08/2025-yilinin-ilk-yarisinda-turkiye-startup-ekosisteminden-one-cikan-gelismeler/"], "confidence": "medium"}
- startup visa programs
- {"name": "Turkiye Tech Visa", "summary": "Two tracks - technical talent (engineers, software developers, AI/data/blockchain specialists) and founders of innovative technology companies. Work permit valid up to three years for the founder and their staff, eased quota rules for hiring foreign personnel, plus free onboarding support: company formation, tax and legal advice, office space and mentor introductions.", "sources": ["https://www.turkiyetechvisa.gov.tr/"], "confidence": "medium"}
- subregion
- Europe & Central Asia
- support orgs
- {"name": "Investment Office of the Presidency of Turkiye", "type": "gov_agency", "website": "https://www.invest.gov.tr", "note": "National investment promotion agency; publishes ecosystem and FDI guidance and communicates the Turkiye Tech Visa.", "sources": ["https://www.invest.gov.tr"], "confidence": "high"}
- tax incentives
- {"name": "Free Zones (Serbest Bolgeler, Law No. 3218)", "summary": "19 active free zones inside Turkish territory but outside the customs boundary. Manufacturing-licensed companies are exempt from corporate income tax on qualifying production profits, with customs and VAT relief.", "sources": ["https://www.invest.gov.tr/"], "confidence": "medium"}
- tertiary enrollment pct
- 105.8861
- tertiary enrollment pct ts
- 2023-12-31|105.8861
- unemployment pct
- 8.52
- unemployment pct ts
- 2025-12-31|8.52